Salmonellosis in warm-blooded vertebrates is in most cases associated with serovars of Salmonella enterica. The most common type of infection is the carrier state, in which infected animals carry the pathogen for a variable period of time without showing any clinical signs. Clinical disease is characterized by two major syndromes: a systemic septicemia also termed as typhoid and an enteritis.
Other less common clinical presentations include abortion, arthritis, respiratory disease, necrosis of extremities, and meningitis. Only a few serotypes produce clinical salmonellosis in healthy animals and typically have a narrow range of host species, a phenomenon termed serovar-host specificity. The remaining serovars serotypes rarely produce clinical systemic disease in healthy, adult, nonpregnant animals. However, they colonize in the gut of many species of animals, enter the human food chain, and produce gastroenteritis in people food poisoning.
S Typhimurium and S Enteritidis are the most frequent causes of enteritis in people nontyphoidal salmonellosis but are also able to produce typical typhoid infections in mice; hence, the basis of pathogenicity is unclear. Strains from this latter group may also produce more severe disease, with systemic involvement resembling typhoid in very young animals if they have received insufficient protective antibody from their dam or when they are particularly susceptible, eg, as a result of old age, disease, or pregnancy.
The host species from which a serotype is characteristically isolated is not necessarily the only species that can act as a host; thus, epidemiologic factors are important in determining prevalence.
Young calves Diarrhea in Neonatal Ruminants Neonatal diarrhea in ruminants remains the most important cause of death in calves under one month of age. Various bacterial, viral, and protozoal agents are recognized as causative agents, Infection with certain serotypes may be accompanied by generalized sepsis Organisms commonly involved in neonatal bacteremia Adult cattle, sheep, horses, dogs, cats, and other mammals may develop acute enteritis when exposed to an sufficiently large dose of a virulent strain.
Chronic enteritis may develop in growing pigs Overview of Intestinal Diseases in Pigs Pigs of all ages are susceptible to intestinal diseases, and diarrhea is the clinical sign common to nearly all such disorders. Infectious agents that cause enteropathies are typically transmitted Nonspecific therapy includes oral and parenteral fluid therapy to restore Pregnant animals may abort. The clinically normal carrier animal is a serious problem in all host species.
Acute cases of salmonellosis are seen infrequently in dogs and cats and are characterized by acute diarrhea with or without septicemia. Clinical salmonellosis as well as fecal shedding of Salmonella in companion animals have been linked to the increasingly common practice among pet owners of feeding raw meat diets to pets.
In contrast to heat-treated commercial dog food, homemade diets consisting of un- or undercooked meat or egg are more commonly culture-positive for Salmonella spp or E coli. Similarly, pet treats such as dried pig ears have been identified as a source of infection of pets by Salmonella.
Salmonellosis has been recognized in all parts of the world but is most prevalent in regions with intensive animal husbandry. Although this facultative intracellular pathogen is primarily an intestinal bacterium, it is commonly found in an environment subject to fecal contamination.
Feces of infected animals can contaminate feed and water, milk, fresh and processed meats from abattoirs, plant and animal products used as fertilizers or feedstuffs, pasture and rangeland, and many inert materials. The organisms may survive for months in wet, warm areas such as in feeder pig barns and poultry houses or in water dugouts, but they survive Although many other Salmonella spp may cause enteric disease, the more common ones to some extent varying according to geographic location in each species see Table: Salmonella Serovars Commonly Associated with Clinical Disease by Animal Species Salmonella Serovars Commonly Associated with Clinical Disease by Animal Species Salmonellosis is infection with Salmonella spp bacteria.
The clinical presentation can range from a healthy Although their resulting clinical patterns are not distinct, different species of salmonellae do tend to differ in their epidemiology. Plasmid profile and drug-resistance patterns are sometimes useful markers for epidemiologic studies. The prevalence of infection varies among host species and countries and is much higher than the incidence of clinical disease, which in food animals is commonly precipitated by stressful situations such as sudden deprivation of feed, transportation, drought, crowding, parturition, surgery, and administration of certain drugs, including oral antibiotics.
Greater susceptibility in the very young may be the result of high gastric pH, absence of a stable intestinal flora, and limited immunity. The usual route of infection in enteritis is fecal-oral , although infection through the upper respiratory tract and the conjunctiva have also been reported.
After ingestion, the organism colonizes the digestive tract and invades and multiplies in enterocytes and tonsillar lymphoid tissue. Penetration of bacteria into the lamina propria contributes to gut damage and diarrhea.
The complex process involves attachment through fimbrial appendages and the injection by the attached Salmonella organisms into epithelial cells of proteins, which induce changes in the actin cytoskeleton that induce membrane ruffling at the cell surface.
This entraps the Salmonella bacteria and results in fluid secretion and their ingestion by the cell. The cellular infection results in activation of a host alarm process through signalling molecules as a result of the detection of bacterial surface proteins, which in turn induces a strong inflammatory response that generally is able to restrict the bacteria to the intestine. Some serotypes also become localized in the reproductive tract.
Serotypes that are able to cause typhoid can modulate the initial host response and suppress the inflammatory response. Cell destruction follows, and the bacteria are ingested by phagocytic cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. Although neutrophils are generally able to kill Salmonella , the bacteria can survive and multiply within macrophages, which represent the main host cell type during infection. As infection progresses, a true septicemia may follow, with subsequent localization in brain and meninges, pregnant uterus, joints and distal aspects of the limbs, and tips of the ears and tails, which can result, respectively, in meningoencephalitis, abortion, osteitis, and dry gangrene of the feet, tail, or ears.
The organism also frequently localizes in the gallbladder and mesenteric lymph nodes, and survivors intermittently shed the organism in the feces. Calves rarely become carriers but virtually all adults do for variable periods—up to 10 weeks in sheep and cattle and up to 14 months in horses.
Adult cattle infected with S Dublin may excrete the organism for years. Infection may also persist in lymph nodes or tonsils, with no salmonellae in the feces. Latent carriers may begin shedding the organism or even develop clinical disease under stress. A passive carrier acquires infection from the environment but is not invaded, so that if removed from the environment, it ceases to be a carrier.
S Typhimurium is commonly associated with outbreaks of enteritis in calves S Dublin has been associated with the same condition in older calves and adult cattle. Avoid giving your cat raw or undercooked meat, as this is a risk factor for salmonellosis. If possible, avoid animal pounds and shelters, as overcrowding may also promote the spread of disease.
Image via Shutterstock. Home Diseases A-Z. Salmonella Infection in Cats. Written by: PetMD Editorial. Published: February 12, Salmonellosis in Cats Salmonellosis is an infection found in cats caused by the Salmonella bacteria.
Symptoms and Types The severity of the disease will often determine the signs and symptoms that are overtly present in the cats. Symptoms commonly seen in cats with salmonellosis include: Fever Shock Lethargy Diarrhea Vomiting Anorexia Weight loss Dehydration Skin disease Mucus in stool Abnormally fast heart rate Swollen lymph nodes Abnormal vaginal discharge Chronic forms of salmonellosis may exhibit some of these same symptoms; however, they will be more severe.
These include symptoms: Fever Weight loss Loss of blood Non-intestinal infections Diarrhea that comes and goes with no logical explanation, which may last up to three or four weeks, or longer Causes There are more than 2, different types of Salmonella , a Gram-negative enterobacteria. Diagnosis To confirm a diagnosis of salmonellosis, your veterinarian will examine your cat for different physical and pathological findings.
Other diagnostic features include: Acute vomiting and diarrhea Low albumin Low platelet levels Nonregenerative anemia Abnormally low white blood cell count Electrolyte imbalances, which may include sodium and potassium imbalances Your veterinarian may want to also rule out other conditions that can result in similar symptoms, including parasites, dietary-induced stress including allergy or food intolerances , drug or toxin-induced stresses, and diseases like viral gastroenteritis or bacterial gastroenteritis caused by E.
Kittens and cats with weak immune systems are more likely to show signs of the disease. Cats can also be carriers of salmonella without showing symptoms of illness, while shedding the bacteria in their feces. Cats can get salmonella through consuming raw meat. This is a very real possibility, as some pet parents believe in feeding cats a raw meat diet. In addition to salmonella, cats can contract dangerous bacteria and parasites from raw meat like E. Have a pet turtle in the house?
Unfortunately, you and your family members two-legged and four-legged are at risk of exposure to salmonella. Turtles commonly carry salmonella on their outer skin and shell, which can spread to humans upon contact and thereby contaminate other surfaces in your home.
Other pet reptiles like bearded dragons, geckos, and snakes are also common carriers of the bacteria. Be sure to wash your hands thoroughly after handling pet reptiles. Outdoor cats, or cats that are allowed outdoors part of the time, are more at risk of contracting salmonella due to their exposure to wildlife. Simply put, include a PCR test for Salmonella whenever a cat has frequent or ongoing abnormal stools soft stool or diarrhea or other digestive problems.
Need details? Read on. These tests are designed to find the DNA of hard to find microbe pathogens. Screen for Salmonella in cats with signs of digestive upset like diarrhea which may be bloody or with mucus , vomiting, loss of appetite, decreased activity level, and fever.
Most of the time, Salmonella infections are not discovered unless veterinarians are searching for the cause of diarrhea or other digestive problems in cats or kittens. Once found, vets may encourage pet owners to test other pets in the same household to determine if they are also shedding Salmonella. Veterinarians recommend stool fecal testing kittens 2 to 4 times during their first year of life, and 1 to 2 times each year in adult cats every 6 to 12 months. It includes special preparations of the stool sample and analysis using a microscope to look for roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, whipworms, and some types of coccidia.
One of those bacteria is Salmonella. A positive test means Salmonella DNA was detected in the stool. Most veterinarians then assume the cat is infected with Salmonella called Salmonellosis and shedding the bacteria in the stool.
However, your cat may not need treatment because this finding is not always associated with symptoms of illness. Most cats infected with Salmonella will quickly suppress the parasite and never get sick or only have mild symptoms.
Positive cats may shed Salmonella occasionally so good hygiene practices and risk to family health from these bacteria should be reviewed. If you have other pets cats or dogs in the household, consider testing them well since Salmonella in one pet can often lead to Salmonella in others. This is most likely because the cat remains in an environment where re-infection keeps occurring, but not always. Other considerations for treatment failure are poor immune response and drug resistance.
Please consult your healthcare professionals if you are pregnant, immune-compromised, or have any concern about the risk of Salmonellosis. A negative test means Salmonella DNA was not detected in the stool, which is great news. No one wants their cat or kitten shedding these bacteria and maybe putting other pets or people at risk of infection.
If Salmonella infection was suspected and you have other pets in the household, consider testing them as well since Salmonella in one pet can often lead to Salmonella in others. Cats negative on Salmonella by PCR but still with Salmonella -like symptoms such as abnormal stools, likely have a different explanation for the symptoms.
Please consult with a veterinarian if this is the situation with your cat. Sign In Activate Kit. Team Blog Reviews Press.
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